.. _1c37b3fb-ac3c-4562-b9cb-051c6c86c9f4: ================================================== Invalid indirect destination - referenced object ' ================================================== .. contents:: :depth: 2 -------------- Classification -------------- .. list-table:: :align: center * - **Validator** - **Validator version** - **Error message type** * - JHOVE - 1.32.1 - .. list-table:: :align: center * - **File format** - **Version** - **Specification** - **Description** - **Location** * - application/pdf - A-2b - - - `OPF `__ -------- Analyses -------- No investigations yet. .. note:: To help, share and save knowledge about fixing validation errors, please see: https://github.com/Digital-Preservation-Finland/knowledge-base/tree/master/.github/CONTRIBUTING.rst ------------------ Possible solutions ------------------ .. contents:: :local: No remediation determined. All solutions are listed :ref:`here `. .. note:: To update or provide a solution, please see: https://github.com/Digital-Preservation-Finland/knowledge-base/tree/master/.github/CONTRIBUTING.rst -------------- Output example -------------- :: Validator returned error. 2026-06-15T15:15:18+03:00 PDF-hul 2026-06-15T13:22:11+03:00 5879598 PDF 1.4 Not well-formed PDF-hul Invalid character in hex string Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:35. Goldstein, B., Hauschild, M., Fernandez, J. & Birkved, M. Urban versus conventional agriculture, taxonomy of resource profiles: a review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 36, 9 (2016). :126' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:47. Schoen, V., Caputo, S. & Blythe, C. Valuing physical and social output: a rapid assessment of a London community garden. Sustainability 12, 5452 (2020). :143' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:44. Rao, N. et al. Cultivating sustainable and healthy cities: a systematic literature review of the outcomes of urban and peri-urban agriculture. Sustain. Cities Soc. 85, 104063 (2022). :138' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:63. USDA Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies 2017–2018 (USDA ARS, 2018); http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/fsrg :162' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:35. Goldstein, B., Hauschild, M., Fernandez, J. & Birkved, M. Urban versus conventional agriculture, taxonomy of resource profiles: a review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 36, 9 (2016). :132' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:Fig. 3 | Infrastructure and carbon footprints at urban agriculture sites. a, 䌀漀渀琀爀椀戀甀琀椀漀渀猀漀昀椀渀昀爀愀猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀Ⰰ 猀甀瀀瀀氀椀攀猀愀渀搀椀爀爀椀最愀琀椀漀渀琀漀䜀䠀䜀椀洀瀀愀挀琀猀⸀ 匀甀瀀瀀氀椀攀猀椀渀挀氀甀搀攀昀攀爀琀椀氀椀稀攀爀Ⰰ 挀漀洀瀀漀猀琀Ⰰ 最愀猀漀氀椀渀攀Ⰰ 眀攀攀搀 lock textile and so on. Irrigation:112' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:45. van der Werf, H. M. G., Knudsen, M. T. & Cederberg, C. Towards better representation of organic agriculture in life cycle assessment. Nat. Sustain 3, 419–425 (2020). :141' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:1. Dorr, E., Goldstein, B. P., Horvath, A. & Aubry, C. & Gabrielle, B. Environmental impacts and resource use of urban agriculture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ. Res. Lett. 16, 093002 (2021)⻾＀㨀㠀㌩⽆‴⽈⽎⽒散瑛㄰㘮㈹㔠㈲㜮㈷‱〸⸴㜱′ㄷ⸰㥝⽓畢瑹灥⽌楮欯呹灥⽁湮潴㸾൥湤潢樍㌲㈴‰⁯扪഼㰯䉂潸嬰⸰‰⸰′⸱㜶‱⸰崯䙩汴敲⽆污瑥䑥捯摥⽌敮杴栠㄰⽒敳潵牣敳㰼㸾⽓畢瑹灥⽆潲洯呹灥⽘佢橥捴㸾獴牥慭ഊ䢉Ȉ　ഊ敮摳瑲敡洍敮摯扪ള㈲㔠〠潢樍㰼⽁值㰯丠㌲㈶‰⁒㸾⽂匼㰯匯匯呹灥⽂潲摥爯圠〾㸯䉯牤敲嬰‰‰崯䑥獴⣾＀猀瀀爀椀渀最攀爀渀愀琀甀爀攀开渀愀琀挀椀琀椀攀猀开㈀㌀⸀椀渀搀搀㫾＀㈀⻾＀৾＀䌀漀栀攀渀Ⰰ 一⸀ ☀ 圀椀樀猀洀愀渀Ⰰ 䬀⸀ 唀爀戀愀渀愀最爀椀挀甀氀琀甀爀攀愀猀最爀攀攀渀椀渀昀爀愀猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀⸀⃾＀唀爀戀愀渀䄀最爀⸀ 䴀愀最 27, 16–19 (2014). :84' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:17. Theurl, M. C., Haberl, H., Erb, K.-H. & Lindenthal, T. Contrasted greenhouse gas emissions from local versus long-range tomato production. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 34, 593–602 (2014). :106' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:19. Bell, E., Qin, Y. & Horvath, A. Optimal allocation of tomato supply to minimize greenhouse gas emissions in major US metropolitan markets. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 188, 106660 (2023). :107' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:39. Martínez-Blanco, J. et al. The use of life cycle assessment for the comparison of biowaste composting at home and full scale. Waste Manag. 30, 983–994 (2010). :128' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:3. Goldstein, B., Hauschild, M. Z., Fernández, J. E. & Birkved, M. Contributions of local farming to urban sustainability in the northeast United States. Environ. Sci. Technol. 51, 7340–7349 (2017). :85' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:22. McCann, E., McClintock, N. & Miewald, C. Mobilizing ‘impermaculture’: temporary urban agriculture and the sustainability fix. Environ. Plan. E Nat. Space 6, 952–975 (2023). :114' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:34. Purchase, C. K. et al. Circular economy of construction and demolition waste: a literature review on lessons, challenges and benefits. Materials 15, 76 (2022). :125' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:53. Zhu, X., Silva, L. C. R., Doane, T. A., Wu, N. & Horwath, W. R. Quantifying the effects of green waste compost application, water content and nitrogen fertilization on nitrous oxide emissions in 10 agricultura氀猀漀椀氀猀⸀⃾＀䨀⸀ 䔀渀瘀椀爀漀渀⸀ 儀甀愀氀⻾＀⃾＀㐀㋾＀Ⰰ㨀㄀㔀〩⽆‴⽈⽎⽒散瑛㔳㐮㘶㜠㔴㤮㜷‵㌹⸹㈴‵㌹⸵㥝⽓畢瑹灥⽌楮欯呹灥⽁湮潴㸾൥湤潢樍㈸㐵‰⁯扪഼㰯䅐㰼⽎″〴㤠〠刾㸯䉓㰼⽓⽓⽔祰支䉯牤敲⽗‰㸾⽂潲摥牛〠〠そ⽄敳琨springernature_natcities_23.indd:54. Aguilera, E. et al. Greenhouse gas emissions from Mediterranean agriculture: evidence of unbalanced research efforts and knowledge gaps. Global Environ. Change 69, 102319 (2021). :151' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:58. Bowman, S. A. et al. Food Intakes Converted to Retail Commodities Databases 2003-2008: Methodology and User Guide (USDA, 2013). :157' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:62. Bowman, S. A., Clemens, J., Friday, J. & Moshfegh, A. Food Patterns Equivalents Database 2017–2018: Methodology and User Guide, 119 (USDA ARS, 2020); http://www.ars.usda.gov/nea/bhnrc/fsrg :160' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:68. Wernet, G. et al. The ecoinvent database version 3 (part I): overview and methodology. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 21, 1218–1230 (2016). :169' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:54. Aguilera, E. et al. Greenhouse gas emissions from Mediterranean agriculture: evidence of unbalanced research efforts and knowledge gaps. Global Environ. Change 69, 102319 (2021). :151' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:9. Dorr, E. et al. Food production and resource use of urban farms and gardens: a five-country study. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 43, 18 (2023). :167' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:60. Food Waste FAQs (USDA); https://www.usda.gov/foodwaste/faqs :158' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:32. Wang, C., Chen, Y., Sun, M. & Wu, J. Potential of technological innovation to reduce the carbon footprint of urban facility agriculture: a food-energy-water-waste nexus perspective. J. Environ. Manag. 339, ㄀㄀㜀㠀　㘀㈀　㈀㌀⻾＀㨀㄀㈀㌩⽆‴⽈⽎⽒散瑛㌷㌮〴㔠㌱㌮㈷″㜸⸳㘱″〳⸰㥝⽓畢瑹灥⽌楮欯呹灥⽁湮潴㸾൥湤潢樍㐰‰⁯扪഼㰯䅐㰼⽎″〰㘠〠刾㸯䉓㰼⽓⽓⽔祰支䉯牤敲⽗‰㸾⽂潲摥牛〠〠そ⽄敳琨springernature_natcities_23.indd:33. Rufí-Salís, M. et al. Combining LCA and circularity assessments in complex production systems: the case of urban agriculture. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 166, 105359 (2021). :124' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:64. Caputo, S. et al. FEW-Meter Final Report https://zenodo.org/record/6558032 (㈀　㈀㈀⻾＀㨀㄀㘀㐩⽆‴⽈⽎⽒散瑛ㄳ㈮㜱㜠㈴㠮㜷‱㐲⸹㈠㈳㠮㔹崯卵扴祰支䱩湫⽔祰支䅮湯琾㸍敮摯扪ല㠶㐠〠潢樍㰼⽁值㰯丠㌰㜵‰⁒㸾⽂匼㰯匯匯呹灥⽂潲摥爯圠〾㸯䉯牤敲嬰‰‰崯䑥獴⣾＀猀瀀爀椀渀最攀爀渀愀琀甀爀攀开渀愀琀挀椀琀椀攀猀开㈀㌀⸀椀渀搀搀㫾＀㘀㔀⻾＀৾＀䜀漀氀搀猀琀攀椀渀Ⰰ 䈀⸀Ⰰ 䠀愀甀猀挀栀椀氀搀Ⰰ 䴀⸀Ⰰ 䘀攀爀渀渀搀攀稀Ⰰ 䨀⸀ ☀ 䈀椀爀欀瘀攀搀Ⰰ 䴀⸀ 吀攀猀琀椀渀最琀栀攀攀渀瘀椀爀漀渀洀攀渀琀l performance of urban agriculture as a food supply in northern climates. J. Clean. Prod. 135, 984–994 (2016). :165' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:8. Cameron, R. W. F. et al. The domestic garden—its contribution to urban green infr愀猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀⸀⃾＀唀爀戀愀渀䘀漀爀⸀ 唀爀戀愀渀䜀爀攀攀渀⻾＀⃾＀㄀ㇾ＀Ⰰ ㄀㈀㤠ጀ㄀㌀㜀㈀　㄀㈀⻾＀㨀㤀〩⽆‴⽈⽎⽒散瑛㐵㜠㈴㠮㜷‴㔹⸸㔱′㌸⸵㥝⽓畢瑹灥⽌楮欯呹灥⽁湮潴㸾൥湤潢樍㌲㌸‰⁯扪഼㰯䉂潸嬰⸰‰⸰′⸸㔱〱‱⸰崯䙩汴敲⽆污瑥䑥捯摥⽌敮杴栠㄰⽒敳潵牣敳㰼㸾⽓畢瑹灥⽆潲洯呹灥⽘佢橥捴㸾獴牥慭ഊ䢉Ȉ　ഊ敮摳瑲敡洍敮摯扪ള㈳㤠〠潢樍㰼⽁值㰯丠㌲㐰‰⁒㸾⽂匼㰯匯匯呹灥⽂潲摥爯圠〾㸯䉯牤敲嬰‰‰崯䑥獴⣾＀猀瀀爀椀渀最攀爀渀愀琀甀爀攀开渀愀琀挀椀琀椀攀猀开㈀㌀⸀椀渀搀搀㫾＀㄀⻾＀৾＀䐀漀爀爀Ⰰ 䔀⸀Ⰰ 䜀漀氀搀猀琀攀椀渀Ⰰ 䈀⸀ 倀⸀Ⰰ 䠀漀爀瘀愀琀栀Ⰰ 䄀⸀ ☀ 䄀甀戀爀礀Ⰰ 䌀⸀ ☀ 䜀愀戀爀椀攀氀氀攀Ⰰ 䈀⸀ 䔀渀瘀椀爀漀渀洀攀渀琀愀 impacts and resource use of urban agriculture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ. Res. Lett. 16, 093002 (2021). :91' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:7. Appolloni, E. et al. The global rise of urban rooftop agriculture: a review of worldwide cases. J. Clean. Prod. 296, 126556 (2021). :89' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:43. Ilieva, R. T. et al. The socio-cultural benefits of urban agriculture: a review of the literature. Land 11, 622 (2022). :140' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:26. Reynolds, K. & Cohen, N. Beyond the Kale: Urban Agriculture and Social Justice 䄀挀琀椀瘀椀猀洀椀渀一攀眀夀漀爀欀䌀椀琀秾＀唀渀椀瘀⸀ 䜀攀漀爀最椀愀倀爀攀猀猀Ⰰ ㈀　㄀㘀⻾＀㨀㄀㄀㠩⽆‴⽈⽎⽒散瑛㌸ㄮ㘱㘠㐵㌮〲″㠷⸱㌠㐴㈮㠴崯卵扴祰支䱩湫⽔祰支䅮湯琾㸍敮摯扪ള㔠〠潢樍㰼⽁值㰯丠㌰ㄷ‰⁒㸾⽂匼㰯匯匯呹灥⽂潲摥爯圠〾㸯䉯牤敲嬰‰‰崯䑥獴⣾＀猀瀀爀椀渀最攀爀渀愀琀甀爀攀开渀愀琀挀椀琀椀攀猀开㈀㌀⸀椀渀搀搀㫾＀㈀㠀⻾＀৾＀䠀愀眀攀猀Ⰰ 䨀⸀ 䬀⸀Ⰰ 䜀漀甀渀愀爀椀搀椀猀Ⰰ 䐀⸀ ☀ 一攀眀攀氀氀Ⰰ 䨀⸀ 倀⸀ 䐀漀攀猀甀爀戀愀渀愀最爀椀挀甀氀琀甀爀攀氀攀愀搀琀漀最攀渀琀爀fication? Landsc. Urban Plan. 225, 104447 (2022). :119' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:52. Ding, W. et al. Effect of long-term compost and inorganic fertilizer application on background N2O and fertilizer-induced N2O emissions from an intensively cultivated soil. Sci. Total Environ. 465, 115ጀ㄀㈀㐀㈀　㄀㌀⻾＀㨀㄀㐀㤩⽆‴⽈⽎⽒散瑛㔲㠮〱㜠㔴㤮㜷‵㌳⸲㜳‵㌹⸵㥝⽓畢瑹灥⽌楮欯呹灥⽁湮潴㸾൥湤潢樍㈸㐴‰⁯扪഼㰯䅐㰼⽎″〴㜠〠刾㸯䉓㰼⽓⽓⽔祰支䉯牤敲⽗‰㸾⽂潲摥牛〠〠そ⽄敳琨springernature_natcities_23.indd:53. Zhu, X., Silva, L. C. R., Doane, T. A., Wu, N. & Horwath, W. R. Quantifying the effects of green waste compost application, water content and nitrogen fertilization on nitrous oxide emissions in 10 agricultura氀猀漀椀氀猀⸀⃾＀䨀⸀ 䔀渀瘀椀爀漀渀⸀ 儀甀愀氀⻾＀⃾＀㐀㋾＀Ⰰ㨀㄀㔀〩⽆‴⽈⽎⽒散瑛㔳㐮㘶㜠㔴㤮㜷‵㌹⸹㈴‵㌹⸵㥝⽓畢瑹灥⽌楮欯呹灥⽁湮潴㸾൥湤潢樍㈸㐵‰⁯扪഼㰯䅐㰼⽎″〴㤠〠刾㸯䉓㰼⽓⽓⽔祰支䉯牤敲⽗‰㸾⽂潲摥牛〠〠そ⽄敳琨springernature_natcities_23.indd:54. Aguilera, E. et al. Greenhouse gas emissions from Mediterranean agriculture: evidence of unbalanced research efforts and knowledge gaps. Global Environ. Change 69, 102319 (2021). :151' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:27. Lovell, S. T. Multifunctional urban agriculture for sustainable land use plannin最椀渀琀栀攀唀渀椀琀攀搀匀琀愀琀攀猀⸀⃾＀匀甀猀琀愀椀渀愀戀椀氀椀琀秾＀⃾＀㋾＀Ⰰ ㈀㐀㤀㤠ጀ㈀㔀㈀㈀㈀　㄀　⻾＀㨀㄀㄀㜩⽆‴⽈⽎⽒散瑛㈲ㄮ㐵㤠㜶⸷㜰㐠㈲㘮㌰㌠㘶⸵㠹㥝⽓畢瑹灥⽌楮欯呹灥⽁湮潴㸾൥湤潢樍㌴‰⁯扪഼㰯䅐㰼⽎″〰㌠〠刾㸯䉓㰼⽓⽓⽔祰支䉯牤敲⽗‰㸾⽂潲摥牛〠〠そ⽄敳琨springernature_natcities_23.indd:26. Reynolds, K. & Cohen, N. Beyond the Kale: Urban Agriculture and Social Justice 䄀挀琀椀瘀椀猀洀椀渀一攀眀夀漀爀欀䌀椀琀秾＀唀渀椀瘀⸀ 䜀攀漀爀最椀愀倀爀攀猀猀Ⰰ ㈀　㄀㘀⻾＀㨀㄀㄀㠩⽆‴⽈⽎⽒散瑛㌸ㄮ㘱㘠㐵㌮〲″㠷⸱㌠㐴㈮㠴崯卵扴祰支䱩湫⽔祰支䅮湯琾㸍敮摯扪ള㔠〠潢樍㰼⽁值㰯丠㌰ㄷ‰⁒㸾⽂匼㰯匯匯呹灥⽂潲摥爯圠〾㸯䉯牤敲嬰‰‰崯䑥獴⣾＀猀瀀爀椀渀最攀爀渀愀琀甀爀攀开渀愀琀挀椀琀椀攀猀开㈀㌀⸀椀渀搀搀㫾＀㈀㠀⻾＀৾＀䠀愀眀攀猀Ⰰ 䨀⸀ 䬀⸀Ⰰ 䜀漀甀渀愀爀椀搀椀猀Ⰰ 䐀⸀ ☀ 一攀眀攀氀氀Ⰰ 䨀⸀ 倀⸀ 䐀漀攀猀甀爀戀愀渀愀最爀椀挀甀氀琀甀爀攀氀攀愀搀琀漀最攀渀琀爀fication? Landsc. Urban Plan. 225, 104447 (2022). :119' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:48. Plawecki, R., Pirog, R., Montri, A. & Hamm, M. W. Comparative carbon footprint assessment of winter lettuce production in two climatic zones for Midwestern market. Renew. Agric. Food Syst. 29, 310–318 (2014). :145' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:3. Goldstein, B., Hauschild, M. Z., Fernández, J. E. & Birkved, M. Contributions of local farming to urban sustainability in the northeast United States. Environ. Sci. Technol. 51, 7340–7349 (2017). :93' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:56. Elliot, T. et al. An expanded framing of ecosystem services is needed for a sustainable urban future. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 162, 112418 (2022). :154' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:30. McClintock, N. Cultivating (a) sustainability capital: urban agriculture, ecogentrification, and the uneven valorization of social reproduction. Ann. Am. Assoc. Geogr. 108, 579–590 (2018). :120' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:11. Whittinghill, L. & Sarr, S. Practices and barriers to sustainable urban agriculture: a case study of Louisville, Kentucky. Urban Sci. 5, 92 (2021). :96' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:4. Sanyé-Mengual, E., Oliver-Solà, J., Montero, J. I. & Rieradevall, J. An environmental and economic life cycle assessment of rooftop greenhouse (RTG) implementation in Barcelona, Spain. Assessing new forms of urban agriculture from the greenhou:86' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:28. Hawes, J. K., Gounaridis, D. & Newell, J. P. Does urban agriculture lead to gentrification? Landsc. Urban Plan. 225, 104447 (2022). :119' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:41. Graywater (Los Angeles County Department of Public Health); http://www.publichealth.lacounty.gov/eh/business/ graywater.htm :135' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:26. Reynolds, K. & Cohen, N. Beyond the Kale: Urban Agriculture and Social Justice A挀琀椀瘀椀猀洀椀渀一攀眀夀漀爀欀䌀椀琀秾＀唀渀椀瘀⸀ 䜀攀漀爀最椀愀倀爀攀猀猀Ⰰ ㈀　㄀㘀⻾＀㨀㄀㄀㘩⽆‴⽈⽎⽒散瑛㈱㐮㘸㔠㜶⸷㜰㐠㈲〮ㄱ‶㘮㔸㤹崯卵扴祰支䱩湫⽔祰支䅮湯琾㸍敮摯扪ള㌠〠潢樍㰼⽁值㰯丠㌰〴‰⁒㸾⽂匼㰯匯匯呹灥⽂潲摥爯圠〾㸯䉯牤敲嬰‰‰崯䑥獴⣾＀猀瀀爀椀渀最攀爀渀愀琀甀爀攀开渀愀琀挀椀琀椀攀猀开㈀㌀⸀椀渀搀搀㫾＀㈀㜀⻾＀৾＀䰀漀瘀攀氀氀Ⰰ 匀⸀ 吀⸀ 䴀甀氀琀椀昀甀渀挀琀椀漀渀愀氀甀爀戀愀渀愀最爀椀挀甀氀琀甀爀攀昀漀爀猀甀猀琀愀椀渀愀戀氀攀氀愀渀搀甀猀攀瀀氀愀渀渀椀渀最椀渀琀栀攀唀渀椀琀攀搀匀琀愀琀攀猀⸀⃾＀匀甀猀琀愀椀渀愀戀椀氀椀琀秾＀⃾＀㋾＀Ⰰ ㈀㐀㤀㤠ጀ㈀㔀㈀㈀㈀　㄀　⻾＀㨀㄀㄀㜩⽆‴⽈⽎⽒散瑛㈲ㄮ㐵㤠㜶⸷㜰㐠㈲㘮㌰㌠㘶⸵㠹㥝⽓畢瑹灥⽌楮欯呹灥⽁湮潴㸾൥湤潢樍㌴‰⁯扪഼㰯䅐㰼⽎″〰㌠〠刾㸯䉓㰼⽓⽓⽔祰支䉯牤敲⽗‰㸾⽂潲摥牛〠〠そ⽄敳琨springernature_natcities_23.indd:26. Reynolds, K. & Cohen, N. Beyond the Kale: Urban Agriculture and Social Justice 䄀挀琀椀瘀椀猀洀椀渀一攀眀夀漀爀欀䌀椀琀秾＀唀渀椀瘀⸀ 䜀攀漀爀最椀愀倀爀攀猀猀Ⰰ ㈀　㄀㘀⻾＀㨀㄀㄀㠩⽆‴⽈⽎⽒散瑛㌸ㄮ㘱㘠㐵㌮〲″㠷⸱㌠㐴㈮㠴崯卵扴祰支䱩湫⽔祰支䅮湯琾㸍敮摯扪ള㔠〠潢樍㰼⽁值㰯丠㌰ㄷ‰⁒㸾⽂匼㰯匯匯呹灥⽂潲摥爯圠〾㸯䉯牤敲嬰‰‰崯䑥獴⣾＀猀瀀爀椀渀最攀爀渀愀琀甀爀攀开渀愀琀挀椀琀椀攀猀开㈀㌀⸀椀渀搀搀㫾＀㈀㠀⻾＀৾＀䠀愀眀攀猀Ⰰ 䨀⸀ 䬀⸀Ⰰ 䜀漀甀渀愀爀椀搀椀猀Ⰰ 䐀⸀ ☀ 一攀眀攀氀氀Ⰰ 䨀⸀ 倀⸀ 䐀漀攀猀甀爀戀愀渀愀最爀椀挀甀氀琀甀爀攀氀攀愀搀琀漀最攀渀琀爀fication? Landsc. Urban Plan. 225, 104447 (2022). :119' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:50. Ermolaev, E., Sundberg, C., Pell, M. & Jönsson, H. Greenhouse gas emissions from home composting in practice. Bioresour. Technol. 151, 174–182 (2014). :147' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:26. Reynolds, K. & Cohen, N. Beyond the Kale: Urban Agriculture and Social Justice 䄀挀琀椀瘀椀猀洀椀渀一攀眀夀漀爀欀䌀椀琀秾＀唀渀椀瘀⸀ 䜀攀漀爀最椀愀倀爀攀猀猀Ⰰ ㈀　㄀㘀⻾＀㨀㄀㈀ㄩ⽆‴⽈⽎⽒散瑛㌶㠮㔸㐠㌹㤮㈷″㜳⸹㠶″㠹⸰㥝⽓畢瑹灥⽌楮欯呹灥⽁湮潴㸾൥湤潢樍㌸‰⁯扪഼㰯䅐㰼⽎″〰㔠〠刾㸯䉓㰼⽓⽓⽔祰支䉯牤敲⽗‰㸾⽂潲摥牛〠〠そ⽄敳琨springernature_natcities_23.indd:31. Campbell, M. C. & Salus, D. A. Community and conservation land trusts as unlikely partners? The case of Troy Gardens, Madison, Wisconsin. Land Use Policy 20, 169–180 (2003). :122' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:6. Pérez-Neira, D. & Grollmus-Venegas, A. Life-cycle energy assessment and carbon footprint of peri-urban horticulture. A comparative case study of local food systems in Spain. Landsc. Urban Plan. 172, 60–68 (㈀　㄀㠀⻾＀㨀㠀㜩⽆‴⽈⽎⽒散瑛㈳㌮㜱ㄠㄶ㈮㜷′㌶⸵㐶‱㔲⸵㥝⽓畢瑹灥⽌楮欯呹灥⽁湮潴㸾൥湤潢樍㌲㌲‰⁯扪഼㰯䉂潸嬰⸰‰⸰′⸸㌵〱‱⸰崯䙩汴敲⽆污瑥䑥捯摥⽌敮杴栠㄰⽒敳潵牣敳㰼㸾⽓畢瑹灥⽆潲洯呹灥⽘佢橥捴㸾獴牥慭ഊ䢉Ȉ　ഊ敮摳瑲敡洍敮摯扪ള㈳㌠〠潢樍㰼⽁值㰯丠㌲㌴‰⁒㸾⽂匼㰯匯匯呹灥⽂潲摥爯圠〾㸯䉯牤敲嬰‰‰崯䑥獴⣾＀猀瀀爀椀渀最攀爀渀愀琀甀爀攀开渀愀琀挀椀琀椀攀猀开㈀㌀⸀椀渀搀搀㫾＀㄀⻾＀৾＀䐀漀爀爀Ⰰ 䔀⸀Ⰰ 䜀漀氀搀猀琀攀椀渀Ⰰ 䈀⸀ 倀⸀Ⰰ 䠀漀爀瘀愀琀栀Ⰰ 䄀⸀ ☀ 䄀甀戀爀礀Ⰰ 䌀⸀ ☀ 䜀愀戀爀椀攀氀氀攀Ⰰ 䈀⸀ 䔀渀瘀椀爀漀渀洀攀渀琀愀氀impacts and resource use of urban agriculture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ. Res. Lett. 16, 093002 (2021). :88' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:49. Puigdueta, I., Aguilera, E., Cruz, J. L., Iglesias, A. & Sanz-Cobena, A. Urban agriculture may change food consumption towards low carbon diets. Global Food Security 28, 100507 (2021). :146' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:33. Rufí-Salís, M. et al. Combining LCA and circularity assessments in complex production systems: the case of urban agriculture. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 166, 105359 (2021). :124' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:21. Kirby, C. K. et al. Differences in motivations and social impacts across urban agriculture types: case studies in Europe and the US. Landsc. Urban Plan. 212, 104110 (2021). :109' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:61. Tilman, D., Balzer, C., Hill, J. & Befort, B. L. Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 108, 20260–20264 (2011). :159' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:Fig. 2 | GHG emissions by farm type and product. Impacts in the left panel are shown per serving of food. Impacts in the right panel are shown per kilogram of crop. Boxplots employ the same descriptive stati猀琀椀挀猀愀猀䘀椀最⸀⃾＀ㇾ＀洀攀搀椀愀渀愀渀搀䤀儀刀㨀㄀　㐩⽆‴⽈⽎⽒散瑛㌳㘮㠲ㄠ㌲㐮〲″㐱⸲㤳″ㄳ⸸㑝⽓畢瑹灥⽌楮欯呹灥⽁湮潴㸾൥湤潢樍㘠〠潢樍㰼⽁值㰯丠㈹㜸‰⁒㸾⽂匼㰯匯匯呹灥⽂潲摥爯圠〾㸯䉯牤敲嬰‰‰崯䑥獴⣾＀猀瀀爀椀渀最攀爀渀愀琀甀爀攀开渀愀琀挀椀琀椀攀猀开㈀㌀⸀椀渀搀搀㫾＀㄀㜀⻾＀৾＀吀栀攀甀爀氀Ⰰ 䴀⸀ 䌀⸀Ⰰ 䠀愀戀攀爀氀Ⰰ 䠀⸀Ⰰ 䔀爀戀Ⰰ 䬀⸀ⴀ䠀⸀ ☀ 䰀椀渀搀攀渀琀栀愀氀Ⰰ 吀⸀ 䌀漀渀琀爀愀猀琀攀搀最爀攀攀渀栀漀甀猀攀最愀猀 missions from local versus long-range tomato production. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 34, 593–602 (2014). :106' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:26. Reynolds, K. & Cohen, N. Beyond the Kale: Urban Agriculture and Social Justic攀䄀挀琀椀瘀椀猀洀椀渀一攀眀夀漀爀欀䌀椀琀秾＀唀渀椀瘀⸀ 䜀攀漀爀最椀愀倀爀攀猀猀Ⰰ ㈀　㄀㘀⻾＀㨀㄀㌀㘩⽆‴⽈⽎⽒散瑛ㄶ㌮㠹㈠㘳㔮㜷‱㘹⸳㔷‶㈵⸵㥝⽓畢瑹灥⽌楮欯呹灥⽁湮潴㸾൥湤潢樍㈸㌱‰⁯扪഼㰯䅐㰼⽎″〳㔠〠刾㸯䉓㰼⽓⽓⽔祰支䉯牤敲⽗‰㸾⽂潲摥牛〠〠そ⽄敳琨springernature_natcities_23.indd:42. Grewal, S. S. & Grewal, P. S. Can cities become self-reliant in food? Cities 29, 1–11 (2012). :137' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:65. Goldstein, B., Hauschild, M., Fernández, J. & Birkved, M. Testing the environmental performance of urban agriculture as a food supply in northern climates. J. Clean. Prod. 135, 984–994 (2016). :165' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:46. Finnveden, G. et al. Recent developments in Life Cycle Assessment. J. Environ. Manag. 91, 1–21 (2009). :142' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:67. Orsini, F., Kahane, R., Nono-Womdim, R. & Gianquinto, G. Urban agriculture in the developing world: a review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 33, 695–720 (2013). :166' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:25. Lawson, L. The planner in the garden: a historical view into the relationship between planning and community gardens. J. Plan. History 3, 151–176 (2004). :115' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:40. Rain Barrel Giveaway Program (New York City Department of Environment Protection); https://www.nyc.gov/site/dep/whats-new/rain-barrel-giveaway-program.page :134' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:31. Campbell, M. C. & Salus, D. A. Community and conservation land trusts as unlikely partners? The case of Troy Gardens, Madison, Wisconsin. Land Use Policy 20, 169–180 (2003). :122' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:55. Brown, S. & Beecher, N. Carbon accounting for compost use in urban areas. Compost Sci. Util. 27, 227–239 (2019). :152' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:51. Quirós, R. et al. Environmental assessment of two home composts with high and low gaseous emissions of the composting process. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 90, 9–20 (2014). :148' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:20. Stoessel, F., Juraske, R., Pfister, S. & Hellweg, S. Life cycle inventory and carbon and water FoodPrint of fruits and vegetables: application to a Swiss retailer. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46, 3253–3262 (2012). :108' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:2. Cohen, N. & Wijsman, K. Urban agriculture as green infrastructure. Urban Agr. Mag. 27, 16–19 (2014). :84' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:57. ISO 14040:2006 Environmental Management – Life Cycle Assessment – Principles and Framework (International Organization for Standardization, 2006); https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html :156' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:36. Impact Sanitaire et Environnemental du Compostage Domestique (APESA, OLENTICA, BIO 䤀渀琀攀氀氀椀最攀渀挀攀匀攀爀瘀椀挀攀Ⰰ ㈀　㄀㔀㬀⃾＀栀琀琀瀀猀㨀⼀⼀氀椀戀爀愀椀爀椀攀⸀愀搀攀洀攀⸀昀爀⼀搀攀挀栀攀琀猀ⴀ攀挀漀渀漀洀椀攀ⴀ挀椀爀挀甀氀愀椀爀攀⼀㈀㐀㜀　ⴀ椀洀瀀愀挀琀ⴀ猀愀渀椀琀愀椀爀攀ⴀ攀琀ⴀ攀渀瘀椀爀漀渀渀攀洀攀渀琀愀氀ⴀ搀甀ⴀ挀漀洀瀀漀猀琀愀最攀ⴀ搀漀洀攀猀琀椀焀甀攀⸀栀琀洀泾＀㨀㄀㈀㜩⽆‴⽈⽎⽒散瑛㌵㘮〴‱ㄹ⸷㜠㌶ㄮ㜰㌠㄰㤮㔹崯卵扴祰支䱩湫⽔祰支䅮湯琾㸍敮摯扪ഴ㐠〠潢樍㰼⽁值㰯丠㌰ㄲ‰⁒㸾⽂匼㰯匯匯呹灥⽂潲摥爯圠〾㸯䉯牤敲嬰‰‰崯䑥獴⣾＀猀瀀爀椀渀最攀爀渀愀琀甀爀攀开渀愀琀挀椀琀椀攀猀开㈀㌀⸀椀渀搀搀㫾＀㌀㤀⻾＀৾＀䴀愀爀琀渀攀稀ⴀ䈀氀愀渀挀漀Ⰰ 䨀⸀ 攀琀愀氀⸀ 吀栀攀甀猀攀漀昀氀椀昀攀挀礀挀氀攀愀猀猀攀猀猀洀攀渀琀昀漀爀琀栀攀挀漀洀瀀愀爀椀猀漀渀漀昀biowaste composting at home and full scale. Waste Manag. 30, 983–994 (2010). :128' cannot be found Invalid indirect destination - referenced object 'springernature_natcities_23.indd:42. Grewal, S. S. & Grewal, P. S. Can cities become self-reliant in food? Cities 29, 1–11 (2012). :137' cannot be found application/pdf PDFMetadata Objects 3336 FreeObjects 1 IncrementalUpdates 1 DocumentCatalog ViewerPreferences HideToolbar false HideMenubar false HideWindowUI false FitWindow false CenterWindow false DisplayDocTitle false NonFullScreenPageMode UseNone Direction L2R ViewArea CropBox ViewClip CropBox PrintArea CropBox PageClip CropBox PageLayout SinglePage PageMode UseNone Outlines Item Title Comparing the carbon footprints of urban and conventional agriculture Children Item Title Results and discussion Children Item Title Low-tech UA carbon footprint six times that of conventional agriculture Item Title Conventional agriculture and UA have similar GHG impacts for some crops Item Title Towards climate-friendly UA Children Item Title UA sites should preserve infrastructure as long as possible Item Title UA sites should leverage urban waste streams as inputs Item Title UA sites should invest in social benefits Item Title Future research Item Title Conclusions Item Title Methods Children Item Title UA carbon footprint via LCA Children Item Title Goal and scope Item Title Case studies and typology Item Title Lifecycle inventory Item Title Lifecycle impact assessment Item Title Key dimensions of LCA and sensitivity analyses Item Title Climate-friendly UA Item Title Synthetic fertilizer inventories Item Title Conventional agriculture comparison Item Title Farmer survey Item Title Reporting summary Item Title Acknowledgements Item Title Fig. 1 The carbon footprint of conventional versus urban agriculture. Item Title Fig. 2 GHG emissions by farm type and product. Item Title Fig. 3 Infrastructure and carbon footprints at urban agriculture sites. Info Title Comparing the carbon footprints of urban and conventional agriculture Author Jason K. Hawes Subject Nature Cities, doi:10.1038/s44284-023-00023-3 Creator Springer CreationDate Fri Jan 05 12:09:08 EET 2024 ModDate Fri Jan 05 12:10:15 EET 2024 ID 0xaa7799f113dee548b9f82e941b5148d2 0x638f3abba226d849a40aa0ef3e47150e Filters FilterPipeline FlateDecode FilterPipeline DCTDecode Images Image NisoImageMetadata JHOVE image/png 1100 90 BlackIsZero 1 integer Filter FlateDecode Intent RelativeColorimetric Name X Image NisoImageMetadata JHOVE image/png 46 41 8 integer Filter FlateDecode Intent RelativeColorimetric Decode 0 255 Name X Image NisoImageMetadata JHOVE image/jpg JPEG 943 148 RGB 8 integer Fonts Type0 Font BaseFont HardingText-Regular2 Encoding Identity-H ToUnicode true Font BaseFont CIDFont+F1 Encoding Identity-H ToUnicode true Type1 Font BaseFont HardingText-Regular FirstChar 0 LastChar 255 FontDescriptor FontName HardingText-Regular Flags Serif Nonsymbolic FontBBox -200 -274 1330 960 FontFile3 true EncodingDictionary BaseEncoding WinAnsiEncoding Differences true 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